Your doctor has requested that you have facet joint injections. This may be to diagnose the cause of your pain or to help relieve your pain. We hope that the following information will answer some of the questions you may have about this procedure.

What are facet joint injections?

Image courtesy of: Northwest Surgical Specialists

Inflammation of the facet joints may cause pain in the neck, back and/or the arms and legs.

There is usually muscle spasm in the area of the joint close to the centre of the spine (the facet joint). Muscle spasm combined with joint pain can make movements stiff and painful.

A facet joint injection provides important information for your doctor and may also provide you with some relief of pain.

Why do I need to have facet joint injections?

The procedure is designed to prove if the facet joint is causing your pain by placing temporary numbing medicine over the joint of concern. If your pain improves after the injection then that facet joint is the most likely cause of your pain. If your pain remains unchanged, then that joint is probably not the cause of your pain. If you have been given this injection as pain relief then your pain should improve.

What is injected in the facet joints?

The injection is a combination of local anaesthetic (a numbing agent) and steroid (an anti-inflammatory agent). The local anaesthetic works immediately and the steroid begins to work within two to three days.

How do I prepare for facet joint injections?

There is no preparation for this procedure, you can eat and drink on the day of your procedure and take all your medication as normal.

If you are on any medication which thins the blood (e.g. aspirin, clopidogrel, warfarin, rivaroxaban, apixaban, dabigatran) we ask you to call the Imaging department on 0117 414 9110 as we may need to adjust your medication before undergoing this procedure. These may need to be adjusted to keep the risk of bleeding to a minimum.

Please also inform a member of the imaging team if you are a diabetic as there is a possibility the steroid may affect your blood sugar levels. It is therefore important you monitor your levels carefully for several days after the procedure and consult your GP if necessary. 

What will happen during the procedure?

• You will arrive at Gate 18 whereby a member of the Imaging team will take you through to the fluoroscopy waiting room.
• Following confirmation of your details and history you will be shown into the x-ray room and introduced to the staff performing the procedure. You will be cared for by a small team including a radiologist (x-ray doctor) and/or radiographer and an imaging support worker.
• Before the examination begins the radiologist or specialist radiographer will explain what they are going to do. You will be given the opportunity to ask any questions you may have. If you are happy to proceed you will be asked to sign a consent form.
• You will then be asked to lie on your front on the x-ray couch. The skin will be cleaned and a small amount of local anaesthetic will be injected under the skin. This stings for a few seconds and the area then goes numb.
• A very fine needle will be directed to the facet joint(s) using the x-ray machine.
• When the radiologist or specialist radiographer is satisfied with the needle position, the local anaesthetic and steroid will be injected.
• Afterwards you will be asked to sit in our waiting room for 20 - 30 minutes so that we can ensure you are feeling well before you go home.

How long will it take?

You will be awake throughout the procedure, which lasts about 15 – 30 minutes.

Will it hurt?

You may feel a little pressure or discomfort, during the injection of the pain killing medicine. This will last for only a few seconds. You should not drive for the rest of the day. You will need to arrange for someone to take you home. Some people find that their pain feels worse for two to three days after the procedure. This is because the steroid can sometimes irritate the tissue. Don’t worry if this happens, as it will settle down by itself.

Are there any risks associated with facet joint injections?

Generally it is a very safe procedure. Potential complications are uncommon and include:

• An increase in your pain in the first 24 hours following injection. Should this occur, take your usual or prescribed pain medication and seek advice from your pharmacist or GP if necessary.
• Bleeding or haematoma (a bruise under the skin) – this should settle down by itself.
• Infection developing at the injection site. This will happen to less than 1 in 5000 people. Contact your GP if you experience any redness or tenderness at the injection site.
• Flushing of the face for up to 48 hours after the injection – this should settle down by itself.
• Skin dimpling or discolouration at the site of the injection – this should settle down by itself.
• A disruption in your mood – this should settle down by itself.
• Occasionally women may experience a change in their menstrual cycle. This is most likely due to the steroid but contact your GP if this happens to inform them.
• If you are diabetic you may notice a rise in your blood sugar levels. It is therefore important you monitor your levels carefully for several days after the procedure and contact your GP if necessary.
• The procedure uses X-rays to confirm that the needle is in the correct place. The amount of X-rays used is very small however patients who are or who may be pregnant should inform the department before attending for their appointment. 

Finally

We hope this information is helpful. If you have any questions either before, during or after the procedure the staff where you had your procedure will be happy to answer them.

References and sources of further information

© North Bristol NHS Trust. This edition published January 2024. Review due January 2027. NBT003242

This leaflet has advice for what to do if the dye that has been injected into your veins escapes into your surrounding soft tissue. 

What is extravasation? 

For certain MRI and CT scans we may need to inject you with a dye, to help with the diagnosis. We usually inject it into a vein in your arm or hand. Sometimes this dye can escape from your vein at the place where we inject you. This is known as ‘extravasation’ and can result in a swelling. It can also cause temporary pain but this should not last more than half an hour. 

Immediate help from staff 

If you do experience extravasation we will apply pressure to the place where you have been injected, and lift your affected arm. We will sometimes apply a cold compress and, if possible, we will complete the scan. We may need to give you another injection but we will discuss this will you. 

For severe incidents a doctor will review your arm before you leave the department. 

What you can do at home 

This is usually a minor injury that doesn’t require treatment but to reduce any pain you can:

• Massage the affected area.
• Lift your arm if it is swollen. At night you can use pillows to elevate it.
• Apply an ice pack or a bag of frozen vegetable for no longer than 15 minutes at a time. Do not apply the ice pack or frozen vegetables to the skin directly - a clean cloth must be used to prevent you getting frostbite on your skin.
• You can take over the counter painkillers to help with any pain.

Things to be aware of

Seek medical attention from your GP or an emergency department if you experience any of the following:

• Increased pain, which is not eased by painkillers.
• Increased swelling of your arm or hand.
• Change in colour of your arm or hand.
• Pins and needles or altered sensation in your arm or hand.
• Blistering or an ulcer developing close to the injection site.

Important information 

The radiographer will write down the following information and give it to you. You should take this with you to any future appointments you have related to the extravasation: 

• The date.
• The type of contrast.
• The amount of contrast extravasated.
• The amount of saline extravasated.
• The site of the extravasation. 

© North Bristol NHS Trust. This edition published March 2024. Review due March 2027. NBT003212.

This information is for patients whose doctor has requested that you have a proctogram. We hope the following information will answer some of the questions you may have about this procedure.

What is a defecating proctogram?

It is an examination of the lower bowel and rectum using X-rays. It shows how your rectum functions during the emptying of your bowels.  The images obtained will help us understand what is causing your symptoms.  

How do I prepare for a defecating proctogram?

There is no preparation for this examination, you may eat and drink normally. Continue to take your normal medication unless otherwise instructed; however please inform us if you are allergic to anything. 

If you also have an appointment for a colonoscopy or MRI, please contact us on the number on your appointment letter as it may be necessary to delay this proctogram appointment.

The procedure uses x-rays and the amount of radiation used is small, however if you think you may be pregnant please inform the department before attending the appointment.

On the day of the procedure

• You will arrive at Gate 18 where a member of the Imaging team will take you through to the fluoroscopy waiting room.
• Following confirmation of your details, you will be asked to drink two cups of diluted barium to allow us to visualise the position of your small bowel.
• The barium takes a little time to reach your small bowel, so you will be sent away and asked to return one hour later for the main part of the examination. In this time you may eat and drink as normal and use the toilet if required.
• On return to the main waiting area at Gate 18 a member of staff will take you to our waiting room again.
• Before the examination starts the radiographer will check your clinical history, give a further explanation about the procedure and will try to answer any questions you may have.  You will be asked to change into a gown.
• If you are female, a small amount of barium will be introduced into your vagina much like you would introduce a tampon. This will allow visualisation of the position of your vagina on the resultant images.
• At the start of the examination you will be asked to lie on your side on the x-ray table whilst barium paste is introduced into your rectum via a small tube.
• Whilst lying down on the table, three x-ray images will be taken with you resting, squeezing and straining your pelvic floor muscles.
• You will be helped off the x-ray table. The x-ray table is then repositioned and a portable toilet is placed onto the step in front of the x-ray table for you to sit on. At this point we would like you to try and retain the paste.
• When the equipment is ready and you are sitting on the portable toilet the radiographer will begin to record images whilst you are asked to push out the paste until you feel empty. Do not worry if you cannot push out the paste, we will still be getting relevant and helpful information from the images obtained.
• Finally we will take three images at rest, squeezing and straining whilst you remain seated.

The examination is performed respecting patient privacy. Please do not feel embarrassed about the procedure.  

After the examination

• There will still be some barium retained in the bowel and your motions will appear whitish in colour for a couple of days.
• Barium can occasionally cause constipation, so we recommend that you drink plenty of fluids afterwards. If you feel it necessary, you may take a mild laxative to get rid of the remaining barium but please seek advice from your GP or pharmacist.
• You can eat and drink normally after the examination. Eating a high fibre diet like bran or wholemeal bread can help but the main thing is to drink plenty of fluids.
• If you have problems with your heart or water retention, you may not be able to drink this much safely.  If in doubt or you find you become breathless or your legs swell up, contact your GP.  

What are the risks associated with a defecating proctogram?

Proctograms are generally regarded as a very safe test and problems rarely occur. Potential complications are uncommon and include:

• We need to make you aware the barium we use for this procedure is described as “off-label”. This means the medicine has a license for investigating some conditions but the manufacturer of the medicine has not applied for a license for it to be used to investigate your condition. “Off-label” medicines are only used after careful consideration and in your case the barium is quite safe for this particular examination.
• Pain, discomfort or a feeling of fullness when the paste is introduced. Occasionally, if pain is part of your symptoms, this pain may be replicated by this procedure.
• Damage to the bowel wall (such as a small tear in the lining of the bowel) occurs rarely, in fewer than 1 in 2000 tests. This damage is usually minor and may not produce any symptoms.
• Fluoroscopy involves the use of x-rays; however with modern equipment the risk is low. Your doctor has recommended this examination because he/she feels that the benefits are greater than the risk of not having the examination.

How will I get the results?

You will not get an indication of the result at the time of the examination, as analysis of the images will take place after you have left the department.

The consultant radiologist will report on your examination at the earliest opportunity and this will be sent to your consultant, who will discuss the results with you at your next appointment.

Finally we hope this information is helpful. If you have any questions either before or after the procedure the staff in the x-ray department will be happy to answer them.

The phone number for the Imaging department can be found on the appointment letter.

References

© North Bristol NHS Trust. This edition published April 2023. Review due April 2026. NBT003173

Your doctor has requested that you have a cervical nerve root block. We hope the following information will answer some of the questions you may have about this procedure.

What is a cervical nerve root block?

Cervical nerve roots leave the spinal cord in the neck and become nerves that travel down your arm. Nerve roots can become irritated or inflamed as they leave the spine due to disc bulges, thickening of ligaments and also new bone formation. Inflammation of the cervical nerve roots may cause pain in the neck and/or arm.  A cervical nerve root block may provide some pain relief, but more importantly it may provide diagnostic information for your doctor. The procedure is designed to find out if a nerve is causing your pain by placing temporary numbing medicine in and around the nerve root in question.

Why do I need to have a cervical nerve root block?

If the pain improves following the injection, this suggests that the nerve is the most likely cause of the pain. On the other hand, if there is no improvement following, this tends to suggest that there may be an alternative source of pain. The doctor in charge of your case feels this is an appropriate procedure for you, to help to diagnose the cause of your pain. However you will have the opportunity for your opinion to be taken into account; if you do not want the procedure carried out then you can decide against it.

How do I prepare for a nerve root block?

There is no preparation for this procedure; you can continue to eat and drink as normal.

If you are diabetic please inform the doctor before the examination as there is a possibility that your sugar levels will vary after the injection.  It is important that you continue to monitor your levels carefully for three days after the procedure and consult your GP if necessary.

If you are taking any blood thinning tablets which include anti-platelets, for example: aspirin, clopidogrel or anti-coagulants, for example: warfarin, dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban please contact the department before the appointment on 0117 414 9008, as you may need to consult your GP before undergoing this test. Please do not stop any medication until you have spoken to us.

Please make arrangements for someone to collect you from the hospital and take you home by car, as we advise not to use public transport or drive for 24 hours afterwards.

What are the risks associated with a cervical nerve root block?

Generally it is a very safe procedure. Potential complications are uncommon and include:

• There are many blood vessels in the neck. If one is inadvertently punctured, the procedure will be abandoned and a new appointment will be made for another attempt.
• The injection may not provide any relief of your symptoms. Patients are often disappointed if there is no pain relief, but the information that is gained can still be very helpful. Unfortunately, you won’t know until after the procedure whether it has helped or not.
• Temporary worsening of pain. There is less than 0.4% risk of this occurring (4 in a thousand people).
• Bleeding or haematoma (a bruise under the skin): this should settle down by itself. 
• Infection – contact your GP if you experience any redness or tenderness at the injection site.
• An allergic reaction – please inform the doctor if you have any allergies. There is less than 0.2% risk of this occurring (2 in a thousand people).
• Lowering in blood pressure (with light-headedness and nausea). There is approximately a 2.5% risk of this occurring (less than 3 in a hundred).
• Disturbance of the menstrual pattern for some female patients.

The procedure uses x-rays to confirm that the needle is in the correct place. The amount of radiation used is small, however female patients who are or who may be pregnant should inform the department before attending the appointment.

On the day of the procedure:

• You will arrive at Gate 19 and a member of the radiology team will take you through to one of the X-ray rooms.
• You may take your normal medication unless instructed otherwise.
• Please inform us if you are allergic to anything.
• You may be asked to change into a gown or if you prefer you can remain in your own clothes.
• The Consultant Radiologist will talk to you before the procedure to confirm you have read this leaflet and understand it.  He/she will explain the procedure and answer any questions you have.
• You will be asked to sign a consent form if you wish to proceed.
• A nurse will take some basic observations, including blood pressure, pulse and oxygen levels. They will also ask some questions about your health, including your current medication. Please bring a list of your current medication with you.
• You will then be asked to lie on the x-ray table. It is important that you are comfortable as you will need to stay in that position for about 20 minutes.
• Most staff will leave the x-ray room whilst preliminary scans are performed. The Radiologist, a radiographer and a nurse will spend the rest of the procedure in the room with you.
• Your skin will be cleaned with an antiseptic solution and covered with sterile drapes. 
  The Radiologist will then anaesthetise the skin which may sting before the area goes numb. 
• The Radiologist will direct a fine needle towards the specific nerve in several steps. Between each step another scan will be done to check the position of the needle.
• Once in the correct position the steroid will be injected.  
• Your neck will be cleaned again and a plaster will be placed over the injection site. 

What happens after the procedure?

• The nurse may repeat basic observations – i.e. blood pressure.
• You will be asked to stay in the department for up to 30 minutes after the procedure has finished.
• You will be able to eat and drink as normal.
• If everything is satisfactory, you will be free to go home. Please arrange for someone to collect you as you are not permitted to drive for 24hours, and we advise you not to use public transport.
• You should rest for the remainder of that day and the following day, avoiding any strenuous activities.
• You may feel weakness and/or numbness in your arms, neck, chest wall or legs. This may develop an hour or so after the procedure and last for several hours. This is quite common.
• The dressing/plaster can be removed after 24 hours.
• If you have any discomfort please take your usual pain relief, as prescribed.

What happens next? 

• You will be asked to fill in a pain diary for the next month. This is so that the doctors can read the diary to find out whether the injection has had any effect and for how long.
• The Consultant Radiologist will send a report to your referring doctor who will contact you for follow up.
• If you experience any symptoms you are concerned about, please contact the radiology department directly on the phone number on your appointment letter or alternatively contact your GP or the emergency department.

Finally we hope this information is helpful. If you have any questions either before or after the procedure the staff in the Imaging department will be happy to answer them.

The telephone number for the Imaging department can be found on the appointment letter.

If you or the individual you are caring for need support reading this information please ask a member of staff for advice.

© North Bristol NHS Trust. This edition published December 2023. Review due December 2026. NBT003222

Your doctor has requested that you have a cerebral angiogram. We hope the following information will answer some of the questions you may have about this procedure.

What is a cerebral angiogram?

An angiogram is a procedure where blood vessels are examined closely, by means of x-rays. A special dye called contrast medium is injected into an artery through a fine plastic tube called a catheter and then images are taken immediately afterwards. In your case we will be looking specifically at the head and neck vessels.

Why do I need to have a cerebral angiogram?

The purpose of this procedure is to enhance and increase the information that the doctors may already have from MRI, CT or Ultrasound, in order to have a detailed map of your head and neck circulation.

Who has made this decision?

Your suitability for the treatment will have been made by the doctor in charge of your case and the consultant neuroradiologist (specially trained X-ray doctor) at the hospital. The purpose of the procedure and potential complications will have been explained and will be explained again when you attend for the appointment.

What happens before the procedure?

Prior to the procedure you will have already:

• Attended the pre assessment clinic or completed a telephone consultation to perform standard checks, for example blood tests, MRSA test and discussion of existing medication.
• There is no preparation for this procedure; you can continue to eat and drink as normal, unless instructed otherwise.
• If you are taking any blood thinning tablets which include anti platelets please contact the Imaging department before the appointment using the number on your appointment letter as you may need to consult your GP before undergoing this test.
• Please make arrangements for someone to collect you from the hospital and take you home by car, as we advise not to use public transport. You are not permitted to drive for 24 hours after the procedure and we would like someone to stay with you at home in the first 24 hours. Please inform the Imaging department if this is not possible, as we will need to identify alternative arrangements.

On the day of the procedure:

• You will arrive at the Imaging Department (Gate 19) and be accompanied into our day case area.
• Please bring a list of your regular medications with you.
• Please inform us if you are allergic to anything.
• You may take your normal medication unless instructed otherwise.
• A neuroradiologist will discuss the procedure with you and the benefits and potential risks to you. You will have an opportunity to ask questions about the procedure. If you choose to have the procedure you will need to sign a consent form.
• You will be asked to change into a hospital gown.
• Once all the checks have been performed and consent signed, you will be taken to the angiography suite (procedure room). You will be asked to lie down on the X-ray table for the procedure and this may take up to one hour. There will be a small team of nurses, doctors and radiographers with you throughout.
• The procedure is usually performed with patients awake. A cerebral angiogram can be performed through a blood vessel in the wrist or leg - the neuroradiologist will discuss this with you before the procedure.
• Monitoring equipment will be attached to you so we can monitor your blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen levels throughout the procedure.
• The nurse will then clean the area at the top of your leg or wrist with an antiseptic solution and cover you with sterile drapes. The x-ray machine at this point may move around you, but will not touch you.
• An ultrasound machine will be used to find a suitable blood vessel.
• The neuroradiologist will then inject local anaesthetic into the area at the top of your leg or wrist, which may briefly sting and then go numb. After this, you may just feel a pushing sensation when a small plastic tube (catheter) is inserted into your artery and the catheter fed through.
• Once the catheter is maneuvered into the correct positions, contrast medium is injected into different blood vessels and images are then acquired. The injection of the contrast medium, may give you a momentary warm feeling, a strange taste in your mouth and flashing lights behind the eyes. Just before the dye is injected you will be asked to hold your breath and keep still for around 10 seconds. You should avoid moving, swallowing, or blinking. This allows the clearest images possible to be captured.
• The injections will be repeated until all the necessary images have been obtained.
• At the end of the procedure the catheter will be removed from your wrist or leg.

What happens after the procedure?

If your procedure is performed through a blood vessel in the wrist

• An inflatable wrist band will be used to prevent any bleeding.
• You will need to wear this for 1 - 2 hours but you can sit up and walk around immediately after the procedure.
• You will then be transferred back to the day case unit where the day case team will monitor you closely until you are ready to go home.
• If you feel the wrist puncture site swelling or becoming more painful, please inform the nurse.
• You may experience some bruising around the puncture site, but this should fade over a few days.

If your procedure is performed through a blood vessel in the leg

• One of the team will press on the leg vessel for 10 - 15 minutes to prevent any bleeding.
• You will then be transferred back to the day case unit where you will have to lie flat for 2 hours.
• After 2 hours you will be able to sit up, but you will still need to remain in bed for another 2 hours.
• You will not be able to get out of bed for a total of 4 hours after the procedure.
• During this time the nursing team will help you go to the toilet if needed.
• If you are going to sneeze, cough or laugh, you must put firm pressure over the puncture site to protect the blood vessel from bleeding.
• If you feel the leg puncture site swelling or becoming more painful, please inform the nurse.
• You may experience some bruising around the puncture site, but this should fade over a few days.
• If your procedure is performed through a leg vessel please rest your leg to enable healing. Avoid activities during the next three to five days which may strain your leg, such as running or lifting.

What are the risks associated with cerebral angiograms?

Potential complications are uncommon but include:

• 1 in 1000 risk of a stroke with permanent symptoms.
• 1 in 3000 risk of damage to the blood vessels in the neck which requires treatment.
• 1 in 3000 risk of infection at the wrist or leg blood vessel puncture site.
• 1 in 1500 risk of bleeding from the wrist or leg blood vessel puncture site which requires treatment such as a blood transfusion or an operation.
• 1 in 750 risk of damage to the leg or wrist blood vessel. If damage occurs it may be necessary to perform a procedure to repair the damaged blood vessel, to prevent severe swelling or to maintain good blood supply to the affected limb.
• 1 in 1500 risk of an allergic reaction to the x-ray dye, this could result in skin rash or breathing difficulties.
• 1 in 20,000 risk of cancer related to the x-rays used in this procedure.
• If a wrist blood vessel is used initially there is a chance the neuroradiologist may need to switch to using a leg blood vessel during the procedure, this happens in around 1 in 20 cases.
• The risk of these complications is greatest in older patients and in patients who have come into hospital as an emergency due to bleeding in or around the brain.
• Your neuroradiologist will discuss these with you again on the day of your procedure and you will be asked to sign a consent form to confirm you have understood these risks.

What happens next? 

The neuroradiologist will need to examine all the images very carefully before writing a report and possibly discuss findings with the doctor in charge of your case. Follow up will be arranged as appropriate.

If you experience any symptoms you are concerned about, please contact the Imaging department directly or alternatively contact your GP or the emergency department. The number for the Imaging department can be found on your appointment letter.

Finally, we hope this information is helpful. If you have any questions either before or after the procedure the staff in the Imaging department will be happy to answer them.

References:

Information for patients undergoing an angiogram. RCR 2008 www.RCR.ac.uk

1. Shen, J., Karki, M., Jiang, T. & Zhao, B. Complications associated with diagnostic cerebral angiography: A retrospective analysis of 644 consecutive cerebral angiographic cases. Neurol India 66, 1154–1158 (2018).

2. Dawkins, A. A. et al. Complications of cerebral angiography: a prospective analysis of 2,924 consecutive procedures. Neuroradiology 49, 753–9 (2007).

3. Kaufmann, T. J. et al. Complications of Diagnostic Cerebral Angiography: Evaluation of 19 826 Consecutive Patients. Radiology 243, 812–819 (2007).

4. Fifi, J. T. et al. Complications of Modern Diagnostic Cerebral Angiography in an Academic Medical Center. J Vasc Interv Radiol 20, 442–447 (2009).

5. Johnston, D. C., Chapman, K. M. & Goldstein, L. B. Low rate of complications of cerebral angiography in routine clinical practice. Neurology 57, 2012–4 (2001).

6. Leffers, A. M. & Wagner, A. Neurologic complications of cerebral angiography. A retrospective study of complication rate and patient risk factors. Acta Radiologica Stock Swed 1987 41, 204–10 (2000).

7. Willinsky, R. A. et al. Neurologic Complications of Cerebral Angiography: Prospective Analysis of 2,899 Procedures and Review of the Literature. Radiology (2003) doi:10.1148/radiol.2272012071.

8. Thiex, R., Norbash, A. M. & Frerichs, K. U. The Safety of Dedicated-Team Catheter-Based Diagnostic Cerebral Angiography in the Era of Advanced Noninvasive Imaging. Am J Neuroradiol 31, 230–234 (2010).

9. Leonardi, M., Cenni, P., Simonetti, L., Raffi, L. & Battaglia, S. Retrospective Study of Complications Arising during Cerebral and Spinal Diagnostic Angiography from 1998 to 2003. Interv Neuroradiol 11, 213–221 (2005).

10. Schartz, D. et al. Complications of transradial versus transfemoral access for neuroendovascular procedures: a meta-analysis. J Neurointerv Surg neurintsurg-2021-018032 (2021) doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2021-018032.

Public Health England “Guidance - Exposure to ionising radiation from medical imaging: safety advice” (2014)

 

How to contact us

Brunel building

Southmead Hospital

Westbury-on-Trym

Bristol

BS10 5NB

See your appointment letter for the number to phone with any queries you may have.

If you or the individual you are caring for need support reading this information please ask a member of staff for advice.

What is melanoma?

Melanoma (also called malignant melanoma) is a type of skin cancer that may develop from a preexisting mole (one you already have) or in normal looking skin. Research shows UV rays from the sun or tanning beds can harm the skin.

Symptoms

The first symptoms of melanoma are a new or changing mole with an irregular outline, shape, or colour.

Diagnosis

Your moles will be examined at the clinic using a handheld instrument called a dermatoscope. You may be advised to have the mole removed if it is suspicious.

How is melanoma treated?

First treatment will be surgery to remove the mole. This is called an excision biopsy.

• Excision biopsy: The first step is to numb the area around the mole. Then the mole is removed and sent for testing. It takes about 4-6 weeks to get the results. Specialists called histopathologists look at the sample closely to see how deep it goes. Thin melanomas are less likely to spread elsewhere in the body.

If melanoma is found, the doctor might recommend a second treatment. This is called wide local excision. 

• Wide local excision: This means cutting out more skin around where the melanoma was, to make sure no cancer cells are left and to help prevent it from coming back in the same area. They might stitch up the wound or do other treatments like a skin graft. How long it takes to recover depends on the surgery.

There is a small chance that your melanoma may spread or come back, and this may be removed by further surgery.

Follow-up

After your surgery you will have a hospital appointment to check the scar and surgical site, receive your results, and discuss a follow-up plan. If you have started treatment elsewhere, we will discuss referring you back to them.

Self-examination

We will show you how to examine yourself to detect any recurrence at the site of removal or in the surrounding skin. This is one of the most important things you can do to help yourself.

• Check for any new or existing moles that change colour, bleed, or itch. Most changes are harmless, but they may indicate the start of a skin cancer.
• Any dark spots that develop either at or near the site of the removal of the melanoma should be reported to your skin cancer clinical nurse specialist.

Melanoma cells can spread to lymph nodes, causing lumps in the neck, armpits, or groins.

Any unusual symptoms that persist (don’t go away) should be reported. If you would like more information on this, please discuss with your skin cancer nurse specialists. If discharged, please go directly to your GP.

How do I examine myself?

It is important that once a month you perform your own examination at home.

A simple method is to use the palm of your hand to feel the skin. Many people find this works best when having a bath or shower. Use this same method to check the skin, between the scar, around the lymph nodes and the nodes.

• For melanomas in the head or neck area, check the nodes on the side of the neck, under the chin, above the collarbones, behind the ears, and the back of the neck.
• For melanomas on the arm, check the armpit on the affected side, above the collarbones and in the lower neck.
• For melanomas on the leg, examine the nodes behind the knees and in the groin. Compare one side of your body with the other.
• For melanomas on the front or back of your body, check your groins and armpits.

If you have any concerns and have been discharged, please see your GP. If you are under regular follow-up, please feel free to phone your skin cancer nurse specialist. The phone numbers are on the back of this leaflet.

Future protection

• Take care whilst in the sun.
• Never allow your skin to burn.
• Wear a hat with a large brim.
• Avoid strong sunshine between 11am and 3pm if possible.
• Do not use sun beds or sun lamps.
• Use high factor sunscreens (SPF 30+).
• Sit under a shade.

Insurance 

Inform your life insurance company if you have been diagnosed with melanoma. If you have critical illness insurance, you may be able to make a claim.

If you have a cancer diagnosis, or have had cancer in the past, this can affect your travel insurance. The company may consider you as higher risk. Fortunately, many insurance companies now assess cases individually rather than refusing everyone with a history of cancer.

Vitamin D advice

Protecting yourself from the sun is important, but regular exposure to a small amount of sunshine helps our bodies make vitamin D. If you avoid sunlight due to sensitivity or skin cancer risk, you may want to consider getting your vitamin D levels checked at your GP. You can take supplements and eat foods rich in vitamin D such as oily fish, eggs, meat, fortified margarines and cereals to maintain adequate levels.

References and further information

How to contact us

© North Bristol NHS Trust. This edition published August 2024. Review due August 2027. NBT002428.

What is an axillary dissection?

An axillary dissection is an operation to remove the lymph nodes in your armpit (axilla). This is done when cancer cells have travelled from the skin cancer and settled in the lymph nodes.

What are lymph nodes?

Lymph nodes are small round structures that trap things like cancer cells, bacteria, or other harmful substances in lymph. Lymph nodes are found mainly in your neck, armpits, and groin. You may have felt swollen lymph nodes when you have had an infection like a

Do I have cancer in my lymph nodes?

Normally when a lump is found, the first step is to take a sample. This is called an ultrasound core biopsy, and it is done in the Radiology (X-ray) department. Once the sample has been taken, it is sent to the laboratory to be looked at under the microscope. You may also have CT scans before your surgery

When will my axillary dissection happen?

An axillary dissection is done once all your test results are available. You will come to hospital early on the morning of your surgery and will stay overnight.

Pre-operative assessment

The pre-operative assessment checks you are ready for surgery. You will answer some questions about your health and may also have tests like blood pressure checks, blood tests, an ECG, and skin swabs.

You may have been asked some of the questions before, but we need to make sure nothing has changed.

You will also receive more information about your surgical pathway (what will happen after surgery). If the assessment reveals a problem that needs treating before surgery, this may delay surgery until the problem is resolved. 

Pre-assessment staff will keep in touch with you and your GP about the best way to sort the issu

What does the surgery involve?

The operation will take about 2-3 hours and is done using general anaesthetic (you will be asleep). All the nodes in that area and some tissues will be removed. You will have a curved scar across your armpit.

What can I expect after the operation?

After your surgery, two drains are placed in your skin to drain lymphatic fluid from the wound. The drains will be connected to bags that will stay there until there is minimal drainage. This may be between 4-10 weeks. You will be shown how to measure and empty the bags before leaving hospital – please see separate leaflet. 

You might feel some pain, especially in the first few days, but it may take a couple of weeks to go away. If necessary, you can take mild painkillers. 

You will see a physiotherapist on the ward who will give you information on exercises to complete after surgery.

What are the possible complications immediately after surgery?

There are potential problems with any operation. Complications are rare with this surgery, but you may have some of the following:

• Numbness of the skin surrounding the groin.
• Bleeding.
• Collection of fluid around the wound.
• Infection.
• Wound break down.
• Swelling of the leg.

If any of these happen, please contact your Skin Cancer Clinical Nurse Specialist who will be able to advise you.

What are the possible long-term complications after surgery?

• A visible scar and hollow area in your armpit.
• Numb skin around the surgery area.
• Swelling in your arm (called lymphoedema)

Lymphoedema

Lymphoedema is swelling in your arm. This happens when your lymphatic system is not working properly and there is a build up of lymph.

Signs of lymphoedema

Lymphoedema can affect you in a variety of ways. If you notice any of these symptoms, speak to your Skin Cancer Nurse or GP.

• Swelling.
• Heaviness of your arm.
• Tightness and stretching of the joints.
• Reduced movement of the joints.
• Thickening and dryness of the skin.
• Discomfort or pins and needles sensat

Can you prevent lymphoedema?

While we don’t know exactly what causes lymphoedema, an infection or injury to the affected limb may slightly increase your risk. Looking after your skin is vital:

• Clean even small cuts and grazes straight away. If you have any sign of infection, see your GP straight away.
• Use a moisturiser daily to keep your skin soft and supple.
• Take care when cutting nails to avoid breaking the skin.
• Avoid hot baths and saunas- this may increase swelling.
• Avoid sunburn by using a SPF30 sunscreen or above and wear loose fitting clothing.
• Avoid cuts when shaving and use an electric razor.

References and further Information

© North Bristol NHS Trust. This edition published March 2025. Review due March 2028. NBT002425

What is a groin dissection?

A groin dissection is an operation to remove the lymph nodes in your groin. This is done when cancer cells have travelled from the original skin cancer and settled in these lymph nodes.

What are lymph nodes?

Lymph nodes are small round structures that trap things like cancer cells, bacteria, or other harmful substances in lymph. Lymph nodes are found mainly in your neck, armpits, and groin. You may have felt swollen lymph nodes when you have had an infection like a cold. 

Do I have cancer in my lymph nodes?

Normally when a lump is found, the first step is to take a sample. This is called an ultrasound core biopsy, and it is done in the Radiology (X-ray) department. Once the sample has been taken, it is sent to the laboratory to be looked at under the microscope. You may also have CT scans before your surgery.

When will my groin dissection happen?

A groin dissection is done once all your test results are available. You will come to hospital early on the morning of your surgery and stay for about 2-3 days.

Pre-operative assessment

The pre-operative assessment checks you are ready for surgery. You will answer some questions about your health and may also have tests like blood pressure checks, blood tests, an ECG, and skin swabs.

You may have been asked some of the questions before, but we need to make sure nothing has changed.

You will also receive more information about your surgical pathway (what will happen after surgery).

If the assessment reveals a problem that needs treating before surgery, this may delay surgery until the problem is resolved. Pre-assessment staff will keep in touch with you and your GP about the best way to sort the issue.

What does the surgery involve?

The operation takes about 2-3 hours, and is done using general anaesthesia (you will be asleep). All the nodes in that area and some tissues will be removed. You will have a scar across your groin and going a short way down the inside of your leg.

What can I expect after the operation?

After your surgery, one or two small plastic tubes are placed in your skin to drain any fluid from the wound. The other ends are connected to bags with small openings at the bottom.

You might feel some pain, especially in the first few days, but it may take a couple of weeks to disappear completely. If required, you will be given regular painkillers.

The following day, you will be encouraged to gently walk around the ward. You may also need to see the physiotherapists or be given an exercise programme.

You will be discharged home with the drain once you have been taught how to look after it and are happy to do so. You can contact your Skin Cancer Nurse, during the week, and they will arrange a clinic appointment to remove the drain. The drain(s) can stay in for 8-10 weeks if needed. It will be removed once the fluid draining is reduced.

What are the possible complications immediately after surgery?

There are potential problems with any operation. Complications are rare with this surgery, but you may have some of the following:

• Numb skin around the groin.
• Bleeding.
• Collection of fluid around the wound.
• Infection.
• Wound breaking open.
• Swelling in your leg.

If any of these happen, please contact your Skin Cancer Clinical Nurse Specialist who will be able to advise you.

What are the possible long-term complications after surgery?

• A visible scar and hollow area in your groin.
• Numb skin around the surgery area.
• Swelling in your leg (called lymphoedema).

Lymphoedema

Lymphoedema is swelling in your leg. This happens when your lymphatic system is not working properly and there is a build up of lymph. 

Signs of lymphoedema

Lymphoedema can affect you in a variety of ways. If you notice any of these symptoms, speak to your Skin Cancer Nurse or GP.

• Swelling.
• Heaviness of your leg.
• Tightness and stretching of the joints.
• Reduced movement of the joints.
• Thickening and dryness of the skin.
• Discomfort or pins and needles sensation.

Can you prevent lymphoedema?

While we don’t know exactly what causes lymphoedema, an infection or injury to the affected limb may slightly increase your risk. Looking after your skin is vital:

• Clean even small cuts and grazes straight away. If you have any sign of infection, see your GP straight away.
• Use a moisturiser daily to keep your skin soft and supple.
• Take care when cutting nails to avoid breaking the skin.
• Avoid hot baths and saunas- this may increase swelling.
• Avoid sunburn by using a SPF30 sunscreen or above and wear loose fitting clothing.
• Avoid cuts when shaving and use an electric razor.

What to expect after you go home

At first you will feel tired and should take it easy for the first week or so. Slowly get back to your usual activities.

You will be able to drive once you feel safe to do so, usually after a few weeks. Do not drive if you are feeling unwell, are not fully alert or able to do an emergency stop. You are advised to check with your insurance company before driving.

You can start work once you feel ready. If your job involves a lot of lifting or heavy work, you may need more time to recover.

Following surgery, you will be referred to your local oncology hospital to discuss next options.

Exercise

• Avoid gaining weight and try to lose some extra if you are already overweight as this may place extra pressure on the lymphatic system.
• Avoid strenuous exercise and heavy lifting.
• Do gentle exercises like walking or swimming, it will keep your joints supple and help with lymph drainage.
• Move around during long journeys. 

References and further Information

© North Bristol NHS Trust. This edition published March 2025. Review due March 2028. NBT002430

This page has been written as a guide for anyone thinking about having a sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma. Your healthcare team will give you more details, and answer any questions or address any concerns you may have.

What is a sentinel lymph node biopsy?

The lymphatic system is a network of vessels that carry clear fluid called lymph around the body. Lymph vessels lead to lymph nodes that are found in the neck, armpit, groin, chest, and abdomen (tummy). 

The first lymph node in the chain that receives lymph fluid from a particular area of the body is called the sentinel node. Any cancer cells from melanoma can move through the lymph vessels to the sentinel node where they might get trapped and may start growing. If this happens the node will swell and can be felt. In the early stages, when there are relatively few cancer cells, the lymph node cannot be felt through the skin. A sentinel node biopsy is one way to check the stage of your melanoma. 

The sentinel node is removed during surgery and looked at under a microscope to see if the cancer has spread. 

The surgery to remove the sentinel node will be done at the same time as the wider local excision (where the healthy tissue around the melanoma is removed). The surgery is usually done using general anaesthesia (you will be asleep), and you will go home the same day.

Why do I need a sentinel lymph node biopsy?

Should I have a sentinel lymph node biopsy?

Possible advantages of a sentinel lymph node biopsy

Possible disadvantages of a sentinel lymph node biopsy

How is a sentinel lymph node biopsy done?

What happens after the sentinel lymph node biopsy?

Further support and information

How to contact us

© North Bristol NHS Trust. This edition published January 2025. Review due January 2028. NBT002935

What is Biobrane™  (and why has it been applied)?

Biobrane is a flexible “temporary skin cover” used to protect the wound and help it to heal. It allows the body to believe the skin is not damaged.

Biobrane has been shown to reduce the pain and discomfort felt when the skin is scalded (and reduce painful dressing changes) and may lead to a reduction in scarring.

After thoroughly cleaning the wound, Biobrane can be applied either under general anaesthetic, sedation or using simple oral analgesia such as Entonox (gas & air). The Burns Team will discuss Biobrane application options with you. Biobrane is held in place with a special glue and the glue can be seen as crusty blue blobs.

An outer dressing may be applied to protect the Biobrane. This should stay in place until the initial wound check at about 48hrs, unless there are any concerns before that time.

Initial application of Biobrane

How long does Biobrane™ stay in place?

Biobrane will normally stay in place until the burn heals. This can take up to 14 days.

As the wound heals, the Biobrane will begin to lift and will be trimmed with clean scissors. Any healed areas should be massaged with simple non perfumed moisturising cream. The nurses will advise you when you can help with this.

Biobrane trimming.

Please do not lift off or trim any Biobrane that is still adherent to the unhealed skin as this may damage underlying wound structures.

If after 2 weeks the burn has not healed, an alternative treatment may be needed. The Burns Team will discuss options with you. 

Biobrane after 7 days.

Can I wash with Biobrane™ in place?

Washing Advice:

The burns team will advise you when you can have a gentle shower or quick/shallow bath, but you should not immerse the Biobrane for more than a few minutes. This will usually be 3-5 days after the Biobrane was applied. Dry the Biobrane by gentle patting, using a clean towel. Reapply protective dressings over the Biobrane (if required) as directed by the nurses in the Adult Burns clinic.

Aftercare

Once the wound has healed and the Biobrane has either fallen off or been removed, the burn area will continue to look red and inflamed. This is perfectly normal and will gradually fade over several months. The new skin must be kept clean and creamed with a simple non perfumed moisturising cream at least twice a day. You will be shown how to do this at the acute burns clinic.

After 14 days (Biobrane removed).

Any areas of the burnt skin that do not heal within 3 weeks may be at risk of developing scarring. Twice daily application of non-perfumed moisturising cream can help to improve this. Patients deemed at risk of developing scarring will be referred to the scar management service. The scar will be assessed and a management plan discussed with you. Treatments may include the use of silicone creams or pressure garments. The burns team will advise you on the appropriate treatment.

It is very important that the healed burn area is protected from the sun for at least 2 years or 2 summers, both with a high factor sun protection cream 30 plus or sun block (with UVA & UVB) and sun protective clothing. This reduces the risk of further damage and permanent tanning.

What problems or concerns should I look out for?

You will be advised of what signs and symptoms to look out for prior to discharge home. Always ring the ward if you have any concerns.

It looks ‘mucky’ underneath the Biobrane or the Biobrane is lifting.

You may need to come back for the Burns Team to assess the wound.

The wound smells.

This may be normal, but if you encounter any problems you may need to return for further assessment by the adult burns team.

Do not remove the Biobrane yourself unless instructed to do so.

Please contact the Adult Burns 24-hour helpline for advice. The number for this helpline is at the end of this leaflet.

If you need to attend another hospital or Doctor, other than the Adult Burns team, please ask them to contact us before removing the Biobrane. Take this leaflet with you for their information.

Useful contact numbers

The Adult Burns 24-hour help line  0117 414 3100 / 3102

The Acute Burns Clinic 0117 414 4005

References

Biobrane Biosynthetic Wound Dressing
Biobrane (smith-nephew.com) 

How to contact us:

Adult Burns Unit Gate 33a
Level 2
Brunel building Southmead Hospital Westbury on Trym Bristol
BS10 5NB

Adult Burns 24 hour help line 0117 414 3100 / 0117 414 3102

Acute Burns Clinic (Monday-Saturday) 0117 414 4005

Scar Management service / Occupational Therapy (Monday-Friday) 0117 414 1683

Physiotherapy (Monday-Friday) 0117 414 3114

Outlook: Psychological support for people with appearance concerns (Monday and Thursday) 0117 414 4888

© North Bristol NHS Trust. This edition published February 2024. Review due February 2027. NBT002777.